Important Note

This entire repo was AI created - including all of the data within. The intent was to A) help me with my personal electronics inventory; and B) see how I could use AI to make that process a bit easier. DO NOT TRUST!

Axial Through Hole Resistors

Overview

This collection contains standard axial through-hole resistors commonly used in electronic circuits. These resistors feature axial leads extending from both ends and are designed for through-hole PCB mounting or breadboard use. All resistors in this collection have 5% tolerance and are suitable for general-purpose electronic applications.

Specifications

• Package Type: Axial through-hole
• Tolerance: ±5%
• Power Rating: 1/4 Watt (0.25W) typical
• Temperature Coefficient: ±100 ppm/°C typical
• Operating Temperature: -55°C to +155°C
• Lead Material: Tinned copper wire
• Body Material: Carbon film or metal film

Available Values and Locations

Bin 1 - Low Values (Cabinet 2)

Value	Tolerance	Quantity	Color Code	Notes
4.7Ω	5%	20+	Yellow-Violet-Gold-Gold	Low resistance
100Ω	5%	20+	Brown-Black-Brown-Gold	Common value
470Ω	5%	20+	Yellow-Violet-Brown-Gold	LED current limiting
1kΩ	5%	20+	Brown-Black-Red-Gold	Very common

Bin 2 - Mid Values (Cabinet 2)

Value	Tolerance	Quantity	Color Code	Notes
4.7kΩ	5%	20+	Yellow-Violet-Red-Gold	Pull-up/down
10kΩ	5%	20+	Brown-Black-Orange-Gold	Most common
100kΩ	5%	20+	Brown-Black-Yellow-Gold	High impedance
470kΩ	5%	20+	Yellow-Violet-Yellow-Gold	Timing circuits

Bin 3 - High Values (Cabinet 2)

Value	Tolerance	Quantity	Color Code	Notes
1MΩ	5%	20+	Brown-Black-Green-Gold	Very high impedance
4.7MΩ	5%	20+	Yellow-Violet-Green-Gold	Ultra high impedance

Technical Specifications

Electrical Characteristics

• Resistance Range: 4.7Ω to 4.7MΩ
• Tolerance: ±5% (Gold band)
• Power Rating: 0.25W at 70°C
• Maximum Voltage: 250V
• Temperature Coefficient: ±100 ppm/°C (carbon film)
• Noise: Low noise characteristics

Physical Characteristics

• Body Length: 6-9mm typical
• Body Diameter: 2-3mm typical
• Lead Diameter: 0.6mm (24 AWG) typical
• Lead Length: 25-30mm typical
• Lead Spacing: Standard 0.1” (2.54mm) grid compatible

Environmental Specifications

• Operating Temperature: -55°C to +155°C
• Storage Temperature: -65°C to +175°C
• Humidity: Up to 95% RH non-condensing
• Vibration: MIL-STD-202 compliant
• Shock: MIL-STD-202 compliant

Color Code Reference

4-Band Color Code System

1. First Band: First significant digit
2. Second Band: Second significant digit
3. Third Band: Multiplier (number of zeros)
4. Fourth Band: Tolerance (Gold = 5%)

Common Color Values

• Black: 0
• Brown: 1
• Red: 2
• Orange: 3
• Yellow: 4
• Green: 5
• Blue: 6
• Violet: 7
• Gray: 8
• White: 9
• Gold: 5% tolerance / 0.1 multiplier
• Silver: 10% tolerance / 0.01 multiplier

Applications

Low Value Resistors (4.7Ω - 1kΩ)

• Current Limiting: LED current limiting circuits
• Current Sensing: Shunt resistors for current measurement
• Pull-down: Logic level pull-down resistors
• Damping: Signal damping and termination
• Power Circuits: Gate resistors for MOSFETs

Mid Value Resistors (4.7kΩ - 470kΩ)

• Pull-up: Logic level pull-up resistors
• Biasing: Transistor biasing circuits
• Voltage Dividers: Reference voltage generation
• Timing: RC timing circuits
• Filtering: RC filter networks

High Value Resistors (1MΩ - 4.7MΩ)

• High Impedance: Input impedance for op-amps
• Leakage Testing: Insulation resistance testing
• Timing: Long time constant RC circuits
• Biasing: High impedance biasing
• Protection: Input protection circuits

Circuit Design Guidelines

Power Dissipation

• Maximum Power: 0.25W at 70°C ambient
• Derating: Derate linearly above 70°C
• Safety Factor: Use 50% of maximum rating for reliability
• Heat Sinking: Consider heat sinking for high power applications

Voltage Rating

• Maximum Voltage: 250V for most values
• High Resistance: Lower voltage rating for very high values
• Safety: Consider voltage coefficient effects
• Breakdown: Avoid exceeding voltage rating

Frequency Response

• Parasitic Capacitance: ~0.5pF typical
• Parasitic Inductance: ~10nH typical
• High Frequency: Performance degrades above 1MHz
• RF Applications: Consider parasitic effects

Selection Guidelines

Value Selection

• E12 Series: Standard 5% tolerance values
• Preferred Values: Use standard E12 series when possible
• Precision: Consider 1% tolerance for critical applications
• Temperature: Consider temperature coefficient for precision circuits

Power Rating

• Calculate Power: P = I²R = V²/R
• Safety Margin: Use 50% derating for reliability
• Ambient Temperature: Consider operating temperature
• Thermal Management: Provide adequate ventilation

Tolerance Considerations

• 5% Tolerance: Suitable for most general applications
• Critical Circuits: Consider 1% or better for precision
• Worst Case: Design for worst-case tolerance stack-up
• Aging: Consider long-term stability requirements

Testing and Measurement

Resistance Measurement

• DMM: Use digital multimeter for basic measurements
• 4-Wire: Use 4-wire measurement for low values
• Temperature: Measure at specified temperature
• Settling Time: Allow settling time for accurate readings

Power Testing

• Thermal: Monitor temperature during power testing
• Voltage: Verify voltage rating compliance
• Pulse Power: Consider pulse power capability
• Failure Mode: Understand failure mechanisms

Quality Verification

• Visual Inspection: Check for physical damage
• Color Code: Verify color code matches specification
• Tolerance: Verify resistance within tolerance
• Temperature: Test temperature coefficient if critical

Storage and Handling

Storage Conditions

• Temperature: Store at room temperature
• Humidity: Avoid high humidity environments
• Organization: Sort by value for easy identification
• Protection: Protect leads from damage

Handling Guidelines

• ESD: Use ESD precautions for sensitive circuits
• Lead Forming: Form leads carefully to avoid stress
• Soldering: Use appropriate soldering temperature
• Mounting: Avoid mechanical stress during mounting

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

• Open Circuit: Check for broken leads or body cracks
• High Resistance: Look for corrosion or contamination
• Low Resistance: Check for moisture or contamination
• Intermittent: Check for loose connections or cracks

Failure Modes

• Thermal Damage: Overheating causes permanent damage
• Voltage Breakdown: Excessive voltage causes failure
• Mechanical Damage: Physical stress can break resistor
• Environmental: Moisture and contamination cause drift

Testing Methods

• In-Circuit: Test with power off and components isolated
• Out-of-Circuit: Remove for accurate measurement
• Substitution: Replace with known good resistor
• Thermal: Check for temperature-related issues

Package Contents

• Multiple axial through-hole resistors in various values
• Values range from 4.7Ω to 4.7MΩ
• All resistors have 5% tolerance (gold band)
• Organized by value ranges across multiple bins

Important Notes

• Generic Components: Various manufacturers, specifications may vary slightly
• 5% Tolerance: All resistors in this collection have 5% tolerance
• Power Rating: Typically 1/4 watt, verify for specific applications
• Color Code: Use color code for quick value identification
• Temperature: Consider temperature effects for precision applications

Advantages

• Standard Values: Common E12 series values
• Reliable: Proven technology with good stability
• Cost Effective: Low cost for general applications
• Available: Widely available and standardized
• Versatile: Suitable for most electronic applications

Limitations

• Tolerance: 5% tolerance may not be suitable for precision circuits
• Power: Limited to 1/4 watt power dissipation
• Frequency: Performance degrades at high frequencies
• Size: Larger than surface mount alternatives
• Temperature: Limited temperature coefficient performance

Recommended Applications

• General Electronics: Suitable for most electronic circuits
• Prototyping: Excellent for breadboard and prototype circuits
• Education: Good for learning and experimentation
• Repair: Common values for equipment repair
• Hobby Projects: Perfect for maker and hobby applications